Etymology and Vocabulary

Etymology

Many words in English are derived from the stems of Latin participles.  Let’s look at some ways to recognize words that are derived from the stem of the present active participle. 
i) oftentimes, words ending in –ant (e.g. tolerant tolerō, tolerāre) come from 1st-conjugation verbs; in
-ent from second-conjugation verbs (latent [lateō, latēre], patent [pateō, patēre], prevalent [praevaleō, praevalēre]) or third-conjugation verbs (agent [agēns], tangent [tangō, tangere]), -ient from fourth conjugation verbs, e.g. omniscient [omnēs sciō], prescient [praesciō, praescīre]).
ii) oftentimes, words ending in –um or –a come from the stem of the perfect passive participle—e.g. datum/data, errātum/errata
iii) in the next chapter we’ll take a look at some further uses of the future passive participle.  For now, note that some female names come from it:  Amanda, Miranda. 

A nice phrase to learn, and one which employs two participles, is mūtātīs mūtandīs.  It literally means “the changes that were about to be made having been made”—or more smoothly, “the necessary changes having been made.” We’ll look more closely at the uses of the future passive participle in the next chapter.  For now, just note which two types of participle these forms are— mūtātīs is perfect passive and mūtandīs is future passive.

Vocabulary

Listen to the audiofiles of the vocabulary words on pp. 150-151.  Then write out, pronounce aloud, and commit these words to memory.

 

	arx, arcis (f)        citadel, stronghold		dux, ducis (m)       leader, guide; commander, general
	equus, -ī (m)       horse		hasta, -ae (f)       spear
	īnsula, -ae (f)       island		lītus, lītoris (n)       shore, coast
	mīles, mīlitis (m)        soldier		ōrātor, ōrātōris (m)       orator, speaker
	sacerdōs, sacerdōtis (m)        priest		aliquis, aliquid        someone, somebody, something
	quisquis, quidquid        whoever, whatever		magnanimus, -a, -um        great-hearted, brave, magnanimous
	umquam        in questions or negative clauses ever, at any time		ēducō (1)        to bring up, educate
	gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum        to be glad, rejoice		ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum        adv. to exhibit, show, display
	petō, petere, petīvī, petītum        to seek, aim at, beg, beseech		premō, premere, pressī, pressum        to press, press hard, pursue
	opprimō, opprimere, oppressī, opressum        to suppress, overwhelm, overpower, check		vertō, vertere, vertī, versum        to turn; change
	āvertō, āvertere, āvertī, āversum       to turn away, avert		revertō, revertere, revertī, reversum       to turn back